Benzodiazepine Prescribing in Indiana
Medicare Part D, 2013–2024.
Benzodiazepine prescribing in Indiana fell 15.1% between 2013 and 2024 — a steeper fall than the country as a whole. In 2024 the state recorded 744,145 Medicare Part D benzodiazepine claims across 147,272 patients, an average of 5.05 fills per patient per year, which ranks 12 of 51 states. Alprazolam accounts for 38.9% of it.
744,145
Claims, 2024
147,272
Patients, 2024
5.05
Fills per patient
-15.1%
Since 2013
Indiana over twelve years
Which benzodiazepines Indiana prescribes
| Drug | Claims 2024 | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Alprazolam | 289,348 | 38.9% |
| Clonazepam | 188,300 | 25.3% |
| Lorazepam | 159,133 | 21.4% |
| Diazepam | 71,641 | 9.6% |
| Temazepam | 28,468 | 3.8% |
Psychiatric prescribers in Indiana
260 psychiatric prescribers in Indiana appear in the 2024 Medicare Part D data with benzodiazepine claims. 41 of them recorded at least a 50% fall in benzodiazepine claims since 2019. Sorted by change, largest reduction first.
This is a record, not a recommendation. A fall in Medicare benzodiazepine claims has many possible explanations — a changing patient panel, retirement, a shift to another payer, or simply dropping below the threshold CMS publishes. It does not establish that a prescriber supports tapering, and a low number does not mean they will take you as a patient. Use it as one input, then ask the five vetting questions.
| Prescriber | City | 2019 | 2024 | Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charles RhotonPsychiatry | Evansville | 1,055 | 21 | -98% |
| Sajal BosePsychiatry | Greenwood | 878 | 24 | -97.3% |
| Vernon LittlePsychiatry | Lafayette | 595 | 20 | -96.6% |
| Vinicius TeixeiraPsychiatry | Fort Wayne | 438 | 38 | -91.3% |
| Willard WhiteheadPsychiatry | Evansville | 1,064 | 99 | -90.7% |
| Daniel PietrasPsychiatry | Richmond | 225 | 21 | -90.7% |
| Joseph NiezerPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 661 | 64 | -90.3% |
| Ann AdinamisPsychiatry & Neurology | Indianapolis | 148 | 15 | -89.9% |
| Anjum AshrafPsychiatry | Evansville | 90 | 12 | -86.7% |
| Shaun WoodPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 106 | 18 | -83% |
| Kobie DouglasPsychiatry | Gary | 298 | 52 | -82.6% |
| Kelly ButlerPsychiatry | Jeffersonville | 842 | 150 | -82.2% |
| Lynnea CarderPsychiatry | South Bend | 64 | 12 | -81.2% |
| Massoud StephanePsychiatry | Indianapolis | 79 | 16 | -79.7% |
| Judi Knowles-DuncanPsychiatry | Carmel | 303 | 63 | -79.2% |
| Michael FosterPsychiatry | Madison | 505 | 113 | -77.6% |
| Dianne MartinPsychiatry | Indpls | 50 | 12 | -76% |
| Benjamin CoplanPsychiatry | Greenwood | 69 | 17 | -75.4% |
| Allie Thomas-FanninPsychiatry | Vincennes | 328 | 84 | -74.4% |
| Hasan BakhtierPsychiatry | Lawrenceburg | 118 | 31 | -73.7% |
| Joshua LotfallahPsychiatry | South Bend | 293 | 79 | -73% |
| Dewnzar HowardPsychiatry | Dyer | 130 | 42 | -67.7% |
| Mahender SurakantiPsychiatry | Fort Wayne | 538 | 182 | -66.2% |
| Judith CecilPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 41 | 15 | -63.4% |
| Steven GoadPsychiatry | Bloomington | 409 | 155 | -62.1% |
| Steven SheltonPsychiatry | Jeffersonville | 227 | 88 | -61.2% |
| Charles ClassPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 416 | 167 | -59.9% |
| Stacey OccomyPsychiatry | Dyer | 432 | 175 | -59.5% |
| Kelly RhoadarmerPsychiatry | Noblesville | 129 | 53 | -58.9% |
| James ShootPsychiatry & Neurology | Carmel | 91 | 38 | -58.2% |
| Shagufta ChowhanPsychiatry | South Bend | 1,250 | 539 | -56.9% |
| Jerad DaltonPsychiatry & Neurology | Indianapolis | 37 | 16 | -56.8% |
| Gabra GachawPsychiatry & Neurology | Avon | 62 | 27 | -56.5% |
| Michael ConnPsychiatry | Marion | 32 | 14 | -56.2% |
| Carmela CowdreyPsychiatry | Goshen | 479 | 213 | -55.5% |
| Jayanthi SmuckerPsychiatry | South Bend | 68 | 32 | -52.9% |
| Jane RapinchukPsychiatry & Neurology | Carmel | 23 | 11 | -52.2% |
| Farzana KhanPsychiatry | East Chicago | 292 | 142 | -51.4% |
| James SchalliolPsychiatry | South Bend | 374 | 182 | -51.3% |
| Arman SiddiquiPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 159 | 78 | -50.9% |
| Zulfiqar AliPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 270 | 135 | -50% |
| Gwendolyn HeatonPsychiatry | Madison | 312 | 158 | -49.4% |
| Meghana BhatPsychiatry | Muncie | 670 | 349 | -47.9% |
| Laxeshkumar PatelPsychiatry | Kokomo | 23 | 12 | -47.8% |
| Louis CadyPsychiatry & Neurology | Newburgh | 204 | 109 | -46.6% |
| Theodora SaddorisAddiction Medicine | Columbus | 37 | 20 | -45.9% |
| Ralph WaldoPsychiatry & Neurology | Carmel | 49 | 27 | -44.9% |
| Leah DickersonPsychiatry | Jeffersonville | 487 | 269 | -44.8% |
| Avelina VitugPsychiatry | Marion | 647 | 362 | -44% |
| Teresita Briones-RamiloPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 276 | 157 | -43.1% |
| John EckardPsychiatry | Bedford | 613 | 354 | -42.3% |
| Kearn HinchmanPsychiatry & Neurology | South Bend | 258 | 157 | -39.1% |
| Vijay JayachandranPsychiatry | Munster | 18 | 11 | -38.9% |
| Heather FretwellPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 362 | 232 | -35.9% |
| Joyce SpurgeonPsychiatry | Seymour | 148 | 96 | -35.1% |
| Masooma SheikhPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 440 | 287 | -34.8% |
| Charlotte BakerPsychiatry | Lafayette | 977 | 648 | -33.7% |
| Paul HannahPsychiatry | Gary | 129 | 86 | -33.3% |
| Jayati SinghPsychiatry | Lafayette | 1,135 | 771 | -32.1% |
| Gregory UnfriedPsychiatry | Evansville | 381 | 259 | -32% |
| John BambenekPsychiatry | Evansville | 72 | 50 | -30.6% |
| Abdul SubhanPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 1,040 | 723 | -30.5% |
| Linda MunsonPsychiatry | Valparaiso | 594 | 414 | -30.3% |
| Vahid OsmanPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 361 | 252 | -30.2% |
| Teodoro BordadorPsychiatry | Salem | 888 | 622 | -30% |
| Camila ArnaudoPsychiatry | Bloomington | 31 | 22 | -29% |
| Dmitry ArbuckPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 36 | 26 | -27.8% |
| David TaylorPsychiatry | Goshen | 394 | 287 | -27.2% |
| Lia KettenisPsychiatry | Bloomington | 118 | 87 | -26.3% |
| David DunnPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 35 | 26 | -25.7% |
| Zeinab TobaaPsychiatry | Lafayette | 547 | 413 | -24.5% |
| Mehtab KhanPsychiatry | Richmond | 21 | 16 | -23.8% |
| Kerrie PoseyPsychiatry & Neurology | Indianapolis | 255 | 195 | -23.5% |
| Paras HarshawatPsychiatry | Terre Haute | 519 | 399 | -23.1% |
| Ronald PancnerPsychiatry | Fort Wayne | 372 | 307 | -17.5% |
| Roohi Bano SualehPsychiatry | South Bend | 582 | 489 | -16% |
| Jennifer CarlosPsychiatry & Neurology | Carmel | 82 | 69 | -15.9% |
| Prevesh RustagiPsychiatry | Fort Wayne | 802 | 676 | -15.7% |
| Paul DobranskyPsychiatry | Merrillville | 161 | 136 | -15.5% |
| Jennifer KnappPsychiatry & Neurology | South Bend | 13 | 11 | -15.4% |
| Therese KeelingPsychiatry & Neurology | New Albany | 142 | 121 | -14.8% |
| Juan CabreraPsychiatry | Evansville | 537 | 458 | -14.7% |
| Joan KuricPsychiatry | Munster | 87 | 76 | -12.6% |
| Michael FramptonPsychiatry | Merrillville | 639 | 562 | -12.1% |
| Sanker JayachandranPsychiatry | Munster | 743 | 662 | -10.9% |
| Mario RobbinsPsychiatry | Merrillville | 1,986 | 1,775 | -10.6% |
| Kari KernekPsychiatry | Evansville | 67 | 60 | -10.4% |
| Sunil PatelPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 743 | 667 | -10.2% |
| Andrew SkinnerPsychiatry | Anderson | 388 | 351 | -9.5% |
| Craig BucklesPsychiatry | Anderson | 1,760 | 1,606 | -8.8% |
| Scott SiegallPsychiatry | Munster | 108 | 99 | -8.3% |
| Christopher McdouglePsychiatry | Indianapolis | 136 | 125 | -8.1% |
| Heather DownhourPsychiatry | Greenfield | 194 | 179 | -7.7% |
| Ashish JainPsychiatry | Hammond | 404 | 374 | -7.4% |
| Jose RamirezPsychiatry | Merrillville | 985 | 916 | -7% |
| Mitchell GoldsteinPsychiatry | South Bend | 814 | 762 | -6.4% |
| John DelaneyPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 722 | 679 | -6% |
| Samir GuptaPsychiatry | Valparaiso | 1,338 | 1,296 | -3.1% |
| Harcharan SandhuPsychiatry | Dyer | 1,781 | 1,732 | -2.8% |
| Mathews JohnPsychiatry | Terre Haute | 677 | 662 | -2.2% |
| Anand PopliPsychiatry | Valparaiso | 1,126 | 1,105 | -1.9% |
| Manana GegeshidzePsychiatry | South Bend | 761 | 749 | -1.6% |
| Frank ShaoPsychiatry | Fort Wayne | 194 | 193 | -0.5% |
| Magdoline DaasPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 191 | 193 | +1% |
| Syed MumtazPsychiatry | Fort Wayne | 96 | 97 | +1% |
| Kishore SriramPsychiatry | Warsaw | 533 | 540 | +1.3% |
| Brenda O'SheaPsychiatry | Valparaiso | 642 | 654 | +1.9% |
| Ahsan MahmoodPsychiatry | Fort Wayne | 51 | 52 | +2% |
| Linda CallaghanPsychiatry | Washington | 656 | 675 | +2.9% |
| Jana KnablePsychiatry & Neurology | Indianapolis | 51 | 53 | +3.9% |
| Geeta BishtPsychiatry | Fort Wayne | 174 | 182 | +4.6% |
| Melinda CobbPsychiatry | Greenfield | 872 | 919 | +5.4% |
| Mark OglePsychiatry | Indianapolis | 1,016 | 1,080 | +6.3% |
| Tina Evans-RobinsonPsychiatry | Evansville | 13 | 14 | +7.7% |
| Mary SalamaPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 62 | 67 | +8.1% |
| Christopher BojrabPsychiatry & Neurology | Carmel | 588 | 642 | +9.2% |
| Timothy McfaddenPsychiatry | Elkhart | 843 | 931 | +10.4% |
| Rodney DeatonPsychiatry | Dyer | 57 | 63 | +10.5% |
| Michael PlattPsychiatry | South Bend | 878 | 993 | +13.1% |
| Manuel OzoaPsychiatry | East Chicago | 236 | 268 | +13.6% |
| Michael StarkPsychiatry | Columbus | 13 | 15 | +15.4% |
| Christine NegendankPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 45 | 52 | +15.6% |
| David SonegoPsychiatry | Mishawaka | 324 | 376 | +16% |
| Shahzad ParvazPsychiatry | Terre Haute | 1,133 | 1,326 | +17% |
| John Winston GonzalezPsychiatry | Terre Haute | 1,823 | 2,156 | +18.3% |
| Richard PaynePsychiatry | Indianapolis | 154 | 183 | +18.8% |
| Mitesh PatelPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 14 | 17 | +21.4% |
| Nicholas KramerPsychiatry | Goshen | 306 | 372 | +21.6% |
| Khutb UddinPsychiatry | South Bend | 53 | 65 | +22.6% |
| Tyler FlaninghamPsychiatry & Neurology | Carmel | 56 | 69 | +23.2% |
| Rebecca Moredock-MuellerPsychiatry & Neurology | Muncie | 138 | 172 | +24.6% |
| Michael WebberPsychiatry & Neurology | Carmel | 89 | 112 | +25.8% |
| Prakash VarghesePsychiatry | East Chicago | 1,206 | 1,555 | +28.9% |
| Boris VatelPsychiatry | Evansville | 123 | 159 | +29.3% |
| Benjamin McallisterPsychiatry | Greenfield | 244 | 320 | +31.1% |
| James TandyPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 396 | 523 | +32.1% |
| Ashraf AhmedPsychiatry | Evansville | 626 | 828 | +32.3% |
| Daniel BatemanPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 117 | 158 | +35% |
| Hua LuoPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 78 | 106 | +35.9% |
| Oladele OladapoPsychiatry | Richmond | 607 | 826 | +36.1% |
| Gene FlickPsychiatry | Evansville | 185 | 257 | +38.9% |
| Sanjay MishraNeuropsychiatry | Carmel | 183 | 255 | +39.3% |
| Philip BordersPsychiatry | Danville | 698 | 977 | +40% |
| Teresa GreinerPsychiatry | Angola | 227 | 323 | +42.3% |
| Curtis StennettPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 28 | 40 | +42.9% |
| Christopher DullPsychiatry & Neurology | Zionsville | 49 | 74 | +51% |
| Eric JaggersPsychiatry | Jeffersonville | 95 | 144 | +51.6% |
| Marina BotaPsychiatry | Bloomington | 667 | 1,030 | +54.4% |
| Susan ConroyPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 20 | 31 | +55% |
| Joshua LowinskyPsychiatry & Neurology | Indianapolis | 38 | 59 | +55.3% |
| David PoseyNeuropsychiatry | Indianapolis | 84 | 133 | +58.3% |
| Andrew ShawPsychiatry & Neurology | Richmond | 210 | 342 | +62.9% |
| Shiela IrickNeuropsychiatry | Fishers | 29 | 48 | +65.5% |
| Daniel KinseyPsychiatry | Goshen | 75 | 130 | +73.3% |
| Sarah Donaldson-VarghaPsychiatry | Bloomington | 162 | 281 | +73.5% |
| Nishanie GunawardanePsychiatry | Bloomington | 44 | 78 | +77.3% |
| Paul TaraskaPsychiatry | Lebanon | 251 | 450 | +79.3% |
| Rebecca BottomPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 85 | 154 | +81.2% |
| Joel GriffithPsychiatry | Bloomington | 47 | 86 | +83% |
| Jeanne DickensPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 168 | 319 | +89.9% |
| Sridhar JatlaPsychiatry | Kokomo | 103 | 196 | +90.3% |
| Olufunke Brimmo-LongePsychiatry | Lafayette | 13 | 25 | +92.3% |
| Brett PresleyPsychiatry & Neurology | Lebanon | 55 | 106 | +92.7% |
| Stanley SzwastPsychiatry & Neurology | Greenfield | 89 | 175 | +96.6% |
| Despina MoisePsychiatry | Logansport | 362 | 713 | +97% |
| Douglas MulinixPsychiatry | Danville | 320 | 631 | +97.2% |
| Mathew CastelinoPsychiatry | Gary | 221 | 465 | +110.4% |
| Basem AlsarrajPsychiatry | Fort Wayne | 75 | 159 | +112% |
| Alexander NiculescuPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 31 | 69 | +122.6% |
| Carolyn GreerAddiction Medicine | Fort Wayne | 17 | 38 | +123.5% |
| Kara HwangPsychiatry & Neurology | Fishers | 17 | 38 | +123.5% |
| Maria ValenaPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 82 | 185 | +125.6% |
| Julie CoylePsychiatry | South Bend | 152 | 364 | +139.5% |
| Alexander RadnovichPsychiatry | Vincennes | 56 | 145 | +158.9% |
| Celestine DetranaPsychiatry & Neurology | Indianapolis | 27 | 70 | +159.3% |
| Douglas MorrisPsychiatry | Logansport | 18 | 56 | +211.1% |
| David ThomasPsychiatry | Hope | 34 | 107 | +214.7% |
| Santosh MaharjanPsychiatry | Warsaw | 30 | 97 | +223.3% |
| Emily ZarsePsychiatry | Greenwood | 19 | 68 | +257.9% |
| Larry LambertsonNeuropsychiatry | Fort Wayne | 45 | 178 | +295.6% |
| Stuart MannonPsychiatry | Avon | 28 | 112 | +300% |
| Christine MillerPsychiatry & Neurology | Carmel | 23 | 93 | +304.3% |
| Douglas CookPsychiatry | Indianapolis | 12 | 58 | +383.3% |
| Mashiur KhanPsychiatry & Neurology | Jeffersonville | 11 | 59 | +436.4% |
| Candice HunterPsychiatry | Dyer | 40 | 228 | +470% |
| Philip CrepsPsychiatry | Mishawaka | 11 | 69 | +527.3% |
| Belal HegazyPsychiatry | Portage | 30 | 217 | +623.3% |
| Akbar ShinwariPsychiatry | Richmond | 18 | 153 | +750% |
| Qun WuPsychiatry | Merrillville | 12 | 109 | +808.3% |
| Joon Woo LeePsychiatry | East Chicago | — | 470 | — |
| Avee ChampaneriaPsychiatry | Bloomington | — | 425 | — |
| Tracy WoodwardPsychiatry | Evansville | — | 415 | — |
| Jennifer PrinsPsychiatry | South Bend | — | 393 | — |
| Smitha PatibandlaPsychiatry | Fort Wayne | — | 374 | — |
| Ambreen GhoriPsychiatry | Fort Wayne | — | 359 | — |
| Scott LevinePsychiatry | Fishers | — | 334 | — |
| Jerry ShewardPsychiatry & Neurology | Anderson | — | 313 | — |
| David PisonPsychiatry | Lebanon | — | 297 | — |
| Lori RogersPsychiatry | Lafayette | — | 277 | — |
| Beatriz Cruz-AlvarezPsychiatry | Terre Haute | — | 241 | — |
| Alessandra FerreraPsychiatry | Indianapolis | — | 232 | — |
| Chad MurdockPsychiatry | Franklin | — | 188 | — |
| Fnu RobinPsychiatry | Indianapolis | — | 183 | — |
| Sonia YballePsychiatry | Indianapolis | — | 169 | — |
| Manasa MusunuriPsychiatry | Angola | — | 168 | — |
| Paula MathewsonPsychiatry | Indianapolis | — | 158 | — |
| Charles EvansPsychiatry | Kokomo | — | 157 | — |
| Anup DeshpandePsychiatry | Indianapolis | — | 142 | — |
| Ross NunesPsychiatry | New Albany | — | 124 | — |
| Geoffrey JeyasinghamPsychiatry | Jeffersonville | — | 124 | — |
| Jeremiah EllingsworthPsychiatry & Neurology | Indianapolis | — | 103 | — |
| Halimah OralPsychiatry & Neurology | Indianapolis | — | 102 | — |
| Robert SenaPsychiatry | Logansport | — | 94 | — |
| Cheryl GistandPsychiatry & Neurology | Vincennes | — | 93 | — |
| Elijah WilderPsychiatry | Lawrenceburg | — | 81 | — |
| Robert RasterPsychiatry | South Bend | — | 72 | — |
| Nicholas NosbischPsychiatry & Neurology | Indianapolis | — | 71 | — |
| Gabriel MartinezPsychiatry | Indianapolis | — | 69 | — |
| Brittany MontgomeryPsychiatry | Bloomington | — | 69 | — |
| Matteo RespinoPsychiatry & Neurology | Indianapolis | — | 59 | — |
| Alycia BrownPsychiatry | Fort Wayne | — | 58 | — |
| Usman SiddiquiPsychiatry & Neurology | Lawrenceburg | — | 56 | — |
| Michael ShriftPsychiatry & Neurology | Carmel | — | 52 | — |
| Iunia DadarlatPsychiatry | Lafayette | — | 50 | — |
| Dhrumil PatelPsychiatry | Indianapolis | — | 50 | — |
| Mark JonesPsychiatry | Richmond | — | 48 | — |
| Olawale OjoPsychiatry | Indianapolis | — | 48 | — |
| Joseph JackmovichPsychiatry & Neurology | Vincennes | — | 37 | — |
| Emily MeudtPsychiatry | Indianapolis | — | 37 | — |
| Dolorita SweeneyNeuropsychiatry | Fort Wayne | — | 36 | — |
| Greta KrausePsychiatry & Neurology | Plainfield | — | 36 | — |
| Muhammad MunirPsychiatry & Neurology | Anderson | — | 35 | — |
| Charles ScheelPsychiatry | Muncie | — | 35 | — |
| Kevin MastersonPsychiatry | Indianapolis | — | 33 | — |
| Areef KassamPsychiatry | Indianapolis | — | 32 | — |
| Shehzad SiddiquePsychiatry | Muncie | — | 28 | — |
| Rana Prathap Mercy PathrosePsychiatry | Muncie | — | 26 | — |
| Hariclia HristeaPsychiatry | Dyer | — | 26 | — |
| Jennifer HoffmanPsychiatry | Indianapolis | — | 25 | — |
| Danny MeadowsPsychiatry | Logansport | — | 24 | — |
| Seth JuddPsychiatry | Indianapolis | — | 24 | — |
| Donna GillPsychiatry & Neurology | Zionsville | — | 23 | — |
| Tamika HoughtonPsychiatry | Fort Wayne | — | 21 | — |
| Miky KaushalPsychiatry | Warsaw | — | 16 | — |
| Cyrus SolhkhahPsychiatry | Dyer | — | 15 | — |
| Christian AllebachPsychiatry & Neurology | Indianapolis | — | 14 | — |
| Hunter MuhneyPsychiatry & Neurology | Indianapolis | — | 13 | — |
| Danielle PattersonPsychiatry | Indianapolis | — | 13 | — |
| Chijioke IkontePsychiatry | East Chicago | — | 13 | — |
| Paul MoePsychiatry | Indianapolis | — | 13 | — |
Showing the 250 largest reductions of 260 prescribers in Indiana.
Figures are reproduced from the CMS public use files without alteration. Clinicians who believe a row misstates their record can write to support@taperoffbenzos.com and we will check it against the source file and correct or remove it.
Finding a prescriber in Indiana
This data describes prescribing patterns; it does not tell you who will support a slow taper. For that, our guide to finding a benzo-wise prescriber compares every free provider directory that exists and lists the five questions that predict how a taper will go. If you already have a prescriber, the taper calculator generates a schedule to review with them.
Frequently asked questions
Is benzodiazepine prescribing rising or falling in Indiana?
It fell 15.1% between 2013 and 2024 in Medicare Part D — a steeper fall than the country as a whole, where prescribing fell 12.9%. In 2024, Indiana recorded 744,145 benzodiazepine claims across 147,272 patients.
How does Indiana compare to other states?
Indiana ranks 12 of 51 for prescribing intensity, at 5.05 benzodiazepine fills per patient per year, and 23 of 51 for the size of its decline since 2013 (1 being the steepest fall).
Which benzodiazepine is prescribed most in Indiana?
Alprazolam, at 289,348 claims — 38.9% of the state's benzodiazepine prescribing in 2024. Next are Clonazepam (25.3%) and Lorazepam (21.4%).
Source
CMS Medicare Part D Prescribers public use files, data years 2013–2024 (US Government work, public domain). Medicare Part D only — it excludes commercial insurance and cash-pay, skews toward patients 65 and over, and suppresses cells of 10 or fewer claims. Full methodology and limitations are on the national page.