Benzodiazepine Prescribing in Tennessee
Medicare Part D, 2013–2024.
Benzodiazepine prescribing in Tennessee fell 23.5% between 2013 and 2024 — a steeper fall than the country as a whole. In 2024 the state recorded 1,017,315 Medicare Part D benzodiazepine claims across 176,155 patients, an average of 5.78 fills per patient per year, which ranks 3 of 51 states. Alprazolam accounts for 41.4% of it.
Tennessee over twelve years
Which benzodiazepines Tennessee prescribes
| Drug | Claims 2024 | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Alprazolam | 420,708 | 41.4% |
| Clonazepam | 239,893 | 23.6% |
| Lorazepam | 189,252 | 18.6% |
| Diazepam | 115,668 | 11.4% |
| Temazepam | 41,138 | 4% |
Psychiatric prescribers in Tennessee
259 psychiatric prescribers in Tennessee appear in the 2024 Medicare Part D data with benzodiazepine claims. 39 of them recorded at least a 50% fall in benzodiazepine claims since 2019. Sorted by change, largest reduction first.
This is a record, not a recommendation. A fall in Medicare benzodiazepine claims has many possible explanations — a changing patient panel, retirement, a shift to another payer, or simply dropping below the threshold CMS publishes. It does not establish that a prescriber supports tapering, and a low number does not mean they will take you as a patient. Use it as one input, then ask the five vetting questions.
| Prescriber | City | 2019 | 2024 | Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andrew SpitznasPsychiatry | Mountain Home | 1,368 | 53 | -96.1% |
| Manju KhannaPsychiatry | Knoxville | 202 | 11 | -94.6% |
| Jim PangPsychiatry | Cordova | 1,599 | 100 | -93.7% |
| Jonathan CohenPsychiatry | Chattanooga | 301 | 22 | -92.7% |
| Jana ArwoodPsychiatry | Knoxville | 488 | 47 | -90.4% |
| Jonathan BeckerPsychiatry | Nashville | 99 | 11 | -88.9% |
| Jerry EmbryPsychiatry | Knoxville | 169 | 24 | -85.8% |
| Stephen SpaldingPsychiatry | Chattanooga | 204 | 30 | -85.3% |
| Ravi SinghPsychiatry | Murfreesboro | 1,341 | 199 | -85.2% |
| Allen SolomonPsychiatry | Chattanooga | 1,347 | 215 | -84% |
| Chandra KrishnasastryPsychiatry | Nashville | 150 | 24 | -84% |
| Roger ShermanAddiction Medicine | Nashville | 94 | 16 | -83% |
| Jorge LealPsychiatry | Memphis | 121 | 21 | -82.6% |
| Nga HuynhPsychiatry | Memphis | 78 | 15 | -80.8% |
| William PetriePsychiatry | Nashville | 627 | 126 | -79.9% |
| Warren TaylorPsychiatry | Nashville | 73 | 15 | -79.5% |
| Ahmed FarooquePsychiatry | Murfreesboro | 1,208 | 252 | -79.1% |
| Charles FreedPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | 47 | 12 | -74.5% |
| Paul DcruzPsychiatry | Powell | 466 | 121 | -74% |
| Ray MettetalPsychiatry & Neurology | Johnson City | 232 | 62 | -73.3% |
| Wayne CurfmanPsychiatry | Knoxville | 762 | 205 | -73.1% |
| Kevin CollenPsychiatry | Nashville | 42 | 12 | -71.4% |
| Sam LowyPsychiatry | Chattanooga | 67 | 20 | -70.1% |
| Jennifer Wisdom-SchepersPsychiatry | Johnson City | 203 | 64 | -68.5% |
| Audria BlackPsychiatry & Neurology | Cordova | 92 | 29 | -68.5% |
| Bhupendra RajpuraPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | 54 | 17 | -68.5% |
| Kenny TerryPsychiatry | Memphis | 191 | 63 | -67% |
| Oleksandr OsipchukPsychiatry | Lebanon | 247 | 84 | -66% |
| Howard LeftinPsychiatry | Bristol | 201 | 75 | -62.7% |
| Dawit ZemichaelPsychiatry | Athens | 122 | 47 | -61.5% |
| Charles HerrinPsychiatry & Neurology | Kingsport | 406 | 163 | -59.9% |
| Victor SchuelerNeuropsychiatry | Greeneville | 84 | 36 | -57.1% |
| Clinton MusilPsychiatry | Johnson City | 187 | 81 | -56.7% |
| Samuel OkpakuPsychiatry | Nashville | 230 | 100 | -56.5% |
| Zhiqiang SunPsychiatry | Cordova | 2,763 | 1,266 | -54.2% |
| Casey ArneyPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | 204 | 96 | -52.9% |
| Megan StonecypherPsychiatry | Knoxville | 846 | 408 | -51.8% |
| Kaycia VansicklePsychiatry | Louisville | 110 | 53 | -51.8% |
| Raju IndukuriPsychiatry | Nashville | 639 | 313 | -51% |
| Sean BarlowNeuropsychiatry | Johnson City | 259 | 133 | -48.6% |
| Jon DraudPsychiatry | Nashville | 574 | 303 | -47.2% |
| Dan NicolauPsychiatry & Neurology | Mountain Home | 123 | 65 | -47.2% |
| Stephan BeckerPsychiatry | Cleveland | 1,162 | 637 | -45.2% |
| Ferdinand ArmasPsychiatry | Chattanooga | 1,607 | 897 | -44.2% |
| Jeanne LewisPsychiatry | Johnson City | 439 | 258 | -41.2% |
| Marianne FilkaAddiction Medicine | Johnson City | 56 | 33 | -41.1% |
| John HendrickPsychiatry | Mountain Home | 22 | 13 | -40.9% |
| Joseph SharpePsychiatry | Nashville | 159 | 96 | -39.6% |
| Catherine GyurikPsychiatry & Neurology | Sevierville | 1,362 | 832 | -38.9% |
| James FryPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | 36 | 22 | -38.9% |
| James KyserPsychiatry | Nashville | 168 | 103 | -38.7% |
| Jane WeinbergPsychiatry | Nashville | 26 | 16 | -38.5% |
| Michael McgheePsychiatry | Clarksville | 985 | 615 | -37.6% |
| Heidi HarromPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | 120 | 75 | -37.5% |
| Shahana HudaPsychiatry | Hermitage | 488 | 315 | -35.5% |
| Margaret RobbinsPsychiatry | Johnson City | 460 | 297 | -35.4% |
| Brian BonfardinPsychiatry & Neurology | Greeneville | 472 | 309 | -34.5% |
| Niansen LiuPsychiatry | Cleveland | 3,298 | 2,180 | -33.9% |
| Lee NaramorePsychiatry | Alcoa | 71 | 47 | -33.8% |
| Raymond PainePsychiatry & Neurology | Knoxville | 275 | 183 | -33.5% |
| Donald HensonAddiction Medicine | Mountain Home | 127 | 85 | -33.1% |
| Alexander PrikhojanPsychiatry | Nashville | 1,164 | 783 | -32.7% |
| Faiza MemonPsychiatry | Nashville | 151 | 102 | -32.5% |
| Jana Safarik-GrimmigPsychiatry | Memphis | 245 | 167 | -31.8% |
| Renu BhatejaPsychiatry | Oak Ridge | 73 | 50 | -31.5% |
| Sunbal AshrafPsychiatry & Neurology | Memphis | 16 | 11 | -31.2% |
| Troy GilsonPsychiatry | Cleveland | 842 | 580 | -31.1% |
| Benjamin FrockPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | 36 | 25 | -30.6% |
| Eric SmithPsychiatry | Memphis | 508 | 358 | -29.5% |
| Cindy PerryPsychiatry | Morristown | 612 | 438 | -28.4% |
| David HolmesPsychiatry | Tullahoma | 3,299 | 2,408 | -27% |
| Ginger LovingoodPsychiatry | Knoxville | 214 | 157 | -26.6% |
| Liusong FuPsychiatry | Cordova | 1,188 | 877 | -26.2% |
| Michael HillPsychiatry | Lebanon | 446 | 329 | -26.2% |
| Alex FiderPsychiatry | Shelbyville | 1,995 | 1,484 | -25.6% |
| Shipra PutatundaPsychiatry | Murfreesboro | 206 | 154 | -25.2% |
| Robert JamiesonPsychiatry | Nashville | 2,415 | 1,817 | -24.8% |
| Sachdev SomiahPsychiatry | Kingsport | 427 | 321 | -24.8% |
| Scott RuderPsychiatry | Nashville | 617 | 465 | -24.6% |
| Olayinka AkinwumijuPsychiatry | Cordova | 893 | 675 | -24.4% |
| Faith AimuaPsychiatry | Johnson City | 153 | 118 | -22.9% |
| James RigellPsychiatry & Neurology | Knoxville | 432 | 334 | -22.7% |
| Okon EnyenihiPsychiatry | Oak Ridge | 396 | 307 | -22.5% |
| James HartPsychiatry | Franklin | 1,133 | 887 | -21.7% |
| Lane CookPsychiatry | Knoxville | 645 | 507 | -21.4% |
| Indira ChallaPsychiatry | Murfreesboro | 14 | 11 | -21.4% |
| Roy AstaPsychiatry | Goodlettsville | 198 | 157 | -20.7% |
| Robert StetsonPsychiatry | Cleveland | 758 | 615 | -18.9% |
| Richard JacksonPsychiatry & Neurology | Johnson City | 16 | 13 | -18.8% |
| Phyleen Stewart-RamagePsychiatry & Neurology | Brentwood | 76 | 62 | -18.4% |
| Don ElazarPsychiatry & Neurology | Gallatin | 127 | 104 | -18.1% |
| Tejinder SainiPsychiatry | Cordova | 4,136 | 3,410 | -17.6% |
| Sidney MoragnePsychiatry & Neurology | Jackson | 274 | 227 | -17.2% |
| Richard ThompsonPsychiatry | Cookeville | 635 | 546 | -14% |
| John HarrisPsychiatry | Memphis | 137 | 120 | -12.4% |
| Marie BeasleyPsychiatry | Chattanooga | 162 | 143 | -11.7% |
| Kelley WalkerPsychiatry & Neurology | Knoxville | 617 | 551 | -10.7% |
| Firoz MunshiPsychiatry | Johnson City | 776 | 700 | -9.8% |
| Harold ThompsonPsychiatry & Neurology | Hermitage | 82 | 74 | -9.8% |
| David SnowPsychiatry | Maryville | 1,473 | 1,338 | -9.2% |
| Veronica GubatanPsychiatry | Alcoa | 806 | 738 | -8.4% |
| Esiri EsinPsychiatry | Nashville | 179 | 164 | -8.4% |
| Jack MorganPsychiatry | Memphis | 902 | 835 | -7.4% |
| Martha GordonPsychiatry | Cordova | 509 | 472 | -7.3% |
| James KennedyPsychiatry | Knoxville | 1,125 | 1,045 | -7.1% |
| Tianlai TangPsychiatry | Nashville | 470 | 439 | -6.6% |
| Kevin FergusonPsychiatry | Chattanooga | 2,952 | 2,764 | -6.4% |
| Michael SeayPsychiatry | Memphis | 86 | 81 | -5.8% |
| Stephen HumblePsychiatry | Nashville | 505 | 481 | -4.8% |
| Eric MoffetPsychiatry | Kingsport | 4,964 | 4,735 | -4.6% |
| Saran MudumbiPsychiatry | Nashville | 401 | 383 | -4.5% |
| Irfan AliPsychiatry | Germantown | 521 | 503 | -3.5% |
| Glenn PetersonPsychiatry | Knoxville | 833 | 814 | -2.3% |
| Nihar SahaPsychiatry | Goodlettsville | 604 | 594 | -1.7% |
| Jason HayesPsychiatry | Johnson City | 887 | 877 | -1.1% |
| David HelmPsychiatry | Jackson | 403 | 406 | +0.7% |
| Allen CraigPsychiatry | Tullahoma | 749 | 761 | +1.6% |
| Mohammed IslamPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | 56 | 57 | +1.8% |
| Leslie SmithPsychiatry | Cordova | 502 | 515 | +2.6% |
| Arthur SmallPsychiatry | Nashville | 278 | 289 | +4% |
| Oliver GregoryPsychiatry | Chattanooga | 420 | 442 | +5.2% |
| Gerald OsbornPsychiatry | La Follette | 97 | 102 | +5.2% |
| Donald AtkinsonPsychiatry | Cookeville | 3,728 | 3,942 | +5.7% |
| Marie TobinPsychiatry | Memphis | 148 | 157 | +6.1% |
| William DieboldPsychiatry | Greeneville | 1,135 | 1,211 | +6.7% |
| Felix AdetunjiPsychiatry | Goodlettsville | 740 | 793 | +7.2% |
| Steven MorganPsychiatry & Neurology | Bristol | 111 | 119 | +7.2% |
| Jerry NewmanPsychiatry | Cleveland | 1,891 | 2,029 | +7.3% |
| Julia WoodPsychiatry & Neurology | Knoxville | 428 | 467 | +9.1% |
| Charles MayPsychiatry | Knoxville | 806 | 881 | +9.3% |
| John FenleyPsychiatry & Neurology | Johnson City | 991 | 1,133 | +14.3% |
| Robert HoehnPsychiatry | Germantown | 397 | 456 | +14.9% |
| Isaac McfaddenPsychiatry | Memphis | 67 | 77 | +14.9% |
| Frank StumpPsychiatry | Johnson City | 33 | 38 | +15.2% |
| Daniel BartonPsychiatry | Nashville | 25 | 29 | +16% |
| William WestPsychiatry | Nashville | 387 | 451 | +16.5% |
| Michael OsbornePsychiatry & Neurology | Chattanooga | 168 | 198 | +17.9% |
| Jeffrey StovallPsychiatry | Nashville | 32 | 39 | +21.9% |
| Catherine GreenePsychiatry | Jackson | 573 | 702 | +22.5% |
| Elizabeth BaxterPsychiatry | Nashville | 876 | 1,083 | +23.6% |
| James StaudenmeierPsychiatry | Clarksville | 37 | 46 | +24.3% |
| John RobertsonPsychiatry & Neurology | Knoxville | 347 | 433 | +24.8% |
| Robert HarnedPsychiatry | Knoxville | 577 | 722 | +25.1% |
| Audrea MerchantPsychiatry | Oak Ridge | 884 | 1,117 | +26.4% |
| Christopher WhitePsychiatry | Memphis | 87 | 114 | +31% |
| William BellPsychiatry & Neurology | Franklin | 357 | 471 | +31.9% |
| Andrew PiercePsychiatry | Murfreesboro | 153 | 202 | +32% |
| William HoganPsychiatry | Knoxville | 839 | 1,108 | +32.1% |
| Nalini SamavedyPsychiatry | Maryville | 563 | 762 | +35.3% |
| Kelly OwnbyPsychiatry | Knoxville | 227 | 310 | +36.6% |
| Sarah AylorPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | 286 | 391 | +36.7% |
| Richard RochesterPsychiatry | Brentwood | 296 | 412 | +39.2% |
| Bert HartmanPsychiatry | Madison | 325 | 474 | +45.8% |
| Kris HouserPsychiatry & Neurology | Knoxville | 698 | 1,019 | +46% |
| Vijayalakshmi AppareddyPsychiatry | Chattanooga | 348 | 510 | +46.6% |
| Max SpadernaPsychiatry | Nashville | 69 | 105 | +52.2% |
| Anita VarmaPsychiatry | Memphis | 317 | 486 | +53.3% |
| Sharon BurnsidePsychiatry | Knoxville | 652 | 1,006 | +54.3% |
| Colleen FriddellPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | 159 | 246 | +54.7% |
| Donna Richardson-BlountPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | 14 | 23 | +64.3% |
| Stephen MontgomeryPsychiatry | Nashville | 122 | 211 | +73% |
| Sricharan MoturiPsychiatry | Franklin | 74 | 129 | +74.3% |
| John KupfnerPsychiatry | Knoxville | 217 | 381 | +75.6% |
| Cassandra SimmsPsychiatry | Cleveland | 60 | 110 | +83.3% |
| Thomas CampbellPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | 42 | 84 | +100% |
| Lottie WalkerPsychiatry & Neurology | Columbia | 13 | 26 | +100% |
| Jeri FitzpatrickPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | 61 | 124 | +103.3% |
| Gayle FosterPsychiatry | Nashville | 231 | 473 | +104.8% |
| Craig ClarkPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | 11 | 23 | +109.1% |
| David ChangPsychiatry & Neurology | Brentwood | 233 | 498 | +113.7% |
| Cynthia RectorPsychiatry | Nashville | 35 | 75 | +114.3% |
| Shambhavi ChandraiahPsychiatry | Mountain Home | 12 | 26 | +116.7% |
| Suzanne ButlerPsychiatry | Nashville | 29 | 65 | +124.1% |
| Justin JamisonPsychiatry | Nashville | 13 | 30 | +130.8% |
| Paul MillerPsychiatry | Maryville | 151 | 368 | +143.7% |
| Ronald SalomonPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | 64 | 156 | +143.8% |
| Daniel DonovanPsychiatry | Cookeville | 104 | 254 | +144.2% |
| Fred FosheeAddiction Medicine | Maryville | 57 | 142 | +149.1% |
| Abhinav SaxenaPsychiatry | Nashville | 58 | 159 | +174.1% |
| Adnan ZafarPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville, Tennessee | 98 | 276 | +181.6% |
| Sharon ChastainPsychiatry | Maryville | 34 | 101 | +197.1% |
| Stanley SnowNeuropsychiatry | Nashville | 23 | 70 | +204.3% |
| Tina JacksonPsychiatry | Oak Ridge | 29 | 98 | +237.9% |
| Mohammed Al-TaherPsychiatry | Bartlett | 48 | 174 | +262.5% |
| Osamudiamen Osa-EdohPsychiatry | Nashville | 17 | 67 | +294.1% |
| Douglas WrightPsychiatry & Neurology | Kingsport | 27 | 108 | +300% |
| Rashelle Browne-TomlinsonPsychiatry | Franklin | 13 | 54 | +315.4% |
| Sarath GangavarapuPsychiatry | Chattanooga | 16 | 67 | +318.8% |
| David PatzerPsychiatry | Nashville | 32 | 157 | +390.6% |
| Steven KendellPsychiatry | Mountain Home | 55 | 330 | +500% |
| Sylvester NwedoPsychiatry | Humboldt | 50 | 406 | +712% |
| Julie McbridePsychiatry | Cleveland | — | 620 | — |
| Sukhmani SadanaPsychiatry | Jackson | — | 508 | — |
| Angel SmithPsychiatry | Kingsport | — | 411 | — |
| Zachary HammonsPsychiatry | Johnson City | — | 265 | — |
| David StreetPsychiatry | Nashville | — | 250 | — |
| Ryan SarsfieldPsychiatry | Jackson | — | 234 | — |
| Courtney MichaelPsychiatry | Murfreesboro | — | 179 | — |
| Nigel DsouzaPsychiatry | Mountain Home | — | 178 | — |
| Karthi NamasivayamPsychiatry | Knoxville | — | 120 | — |
| Christopher CopelandAddiction Medicine | Knoxville | — | 117 | — |
| Amanda Sparks-BushnellPsychiatry | Nashville | — | 116 | — |
| Jennifer WheelerPsychiatry | Nashville | — | 115 | — |
| Shawn HammAddiction Medicine | Bartlett | — | 109 | — |
| Sri Pallavi MorampudiPsychiatry & Neurology | Johnson City | — | 103 | — |
| Valerie Smith-GambleNeuropsychiatry | Murfreesboro | — | 99 | — |
| Oscar CanalePsychiatry | Chattanooga | — | 97 | — |
| Shristi ShresthaPsychiatry | La Vergne | — | 92 | — |
| Peter MartinPsychiatry | Nashville | — | 89 | — |
| Luigi CardellaPsychiatry | Nashville | — | 80 | — |
| Cynthia CarterPsychiatry | Memphis | — | 70 | — |
| Eric RuethPsychiatry | Nashville | — | 65 | — |
| Osakhuemen IhenyenPsychiatry | Nashville | — | 64 | — |
| Allyson CundiffNeuropsychiatry | Nashville | — | 61 | — |
| Thabit Al-KhateebPsychiatry & Neurology | Johnson City | — | 51 | — |
| Mary JordanPsychiatry | Knoxville | — | 46 | — |
| Abhinav MishraNeuropsychiatry | Nashville | — | 45 | — |
| Justin LapolloPsychiatry | Maryville | — | 43 | — |
| Robert HammPsychiatry & Neurology | Paris | — | 43 | — |
| Patricia AndrewsPsychiatry | Nashville | — | 40 | — |
| Majd AlsayedNeuropsychiatry | Nashville | — | 40 | — |
| Inder Raj GrewalGeriatric Psychiatry | Nashville | — | 39 | — |
| Ferrell VarnerPsychiatry | Memphis | — | 39 | — |
| Kathleen SeatonPsychiatry | Johnson City | — | 37 | — |
| Kelsey BastianPsychiatry | Memphis | — | 37 | — |
| Michael CaucciPsychiatry | Nashville | — | 36 | — |
| Kenneth PittmanNeuropsychiatry | Chattanooga | — | 33 | — |
| Jaymee NelsonPsychiatry | Franklin | — | 33 | — |
| Jill DebonaPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | — | 30 | — |
| Geeta TadepalliPsychiatry | Mountain Home | — | 26 | — |
| Dana VernerPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | — | 24 | — |
| Mariah SmithPsychiatry | Nashville | — | 23 | — |
| Randy DurbinAddiction Medicine | Knoxville | — | 22 | — |
| Zachary GamblePsychiatry | Greeneville | — | 22 | — |
| Kathryn JalovecPsychiatry & Neurology | Clarksville | — | 21 | — |
| Edward KarlPsychiatry | Franklin | — | 21 | — |
| Alton AppletonPsychiatry | Murfreesboro | — | 21 | — |
| Boris VoinovPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | — | 20 | — |
| Walter SchmalstiegPsychiatry | Ooltewah | — | 18 | — |
| Scot MckayPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | — | 17 | — |
| Michelle WeyhauptPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | — | 17 | — |
| Sophia LincolnPsychiatry | Memphis | — | 17 | — |
| Mujeeb KhanPsychiatry | Knoxville | — | 16 | — |
| Alicia BatsonPsychiatry | Nashville | — | 16 | — |
| William WoltersPsychiatry & Neurology | Bartlett | — | 14 | — |
| Darara BorodgePsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | — | 14 | — |
| Jean SalcedoGeriatric Psychiatry | Goodlettsville | — | 14 | — |
| Elizabeth HeltonPsychiatry | Nashville | — | 14 | — |
| Rafael TamargoPsychiatry | Nashville | — | 14 | — |
| Elizabeth ShultzPsychiatry & Neurology | Nashville | — | 14 | — |
Showing the 250 largest reductions of 259 prescribers in Tennessee.
Figures are reproduced from the CMS public use files without alteration. Clinicians who believe a row misstates their record can write to support@taperoffbenzos.com and we will check it against the source file and correct or remove it.
Finding a prescriber in Tennessee
This data describes prescribing patterns; it does not tell you who will support a slow taper. For that, our guide to finding a benzo-wise prescriber compares every free provider directory that exists and lists the five questions that predict how a taper will go. If you already have a prescriber, the taper calculator generates a schedule to review with them.
Frequently asked questions
Is benzodiazepine prescribing rising or falling in Tennessee?
It fell 23.5% between 2013 and 2024 in Medicare Part D — a steeper fall than the country as a whole, where prescribing fell 12.9%. In 2024, Tennessee recorded 1,017,315 benzodiazepine claims across 176,155 patients.
How does Tennessee compare to other states?
Tennessee ranks 3 of 51 for prescribing intensity, at 5.78 benzodiazepine fills per patient per year, and 13 of 51 for the size of its decline since 2013 (1 being the steepest fall).
Which benzodiazepine is prescribed most in Tennessee?
Alprazolam, at 420,708 claims — 41.4% of the state's benzodiazepine prescribing in 2024. Next are Clonazepam (23.6%) and Lorazepam (18.6%).
Source
CMS Medicare Part D Prescribers public use files, data years 2013–2024 (US Government work, public domain). Medicare Part D only — it excludes commercial insurance and cash-pay, skews toward patients 65 and over, and suppresses cells of 10 or fewer claims. Full methodology and limitations are on the national page.